G*Power is a tool to compute statistical power analyses for many different t tests, F tests, χ2 tests, z tests and some exact tests. G*Power can also be used to compute effect sizes and to display graphically the results of power analyses.
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New in G.Power 3.1.9.2: Fixed a bug that could occur under very specific circumstances when transferring an effect size from the effect size drawer to the main window. Shop online from the pioneers in offering the entire Apple ecosystem in the Philippines and digital lifestyle destination for the finest premium accessories and Apple devices. Power Mac Center Account. The Apple Power Mac G5 has several multipurpose ports that can function as interfaces for a wide variety of computer peripherals. With a dual-core processor and space for an extra hard drive, these personal computers can meet your needs with an efficient and sleek design that features easy access to the internal components. G.Power; SUDAAN; Sample Power; RESOURCES. Annotated Output; Data Analysis Examples; Frequently Asked Questions; Seminars; Textbook Examples; Which Statistical Test? Remote Consulting; Books for Loan; Services and Policies. Walk-In Consulting; Email Consulting; Fee for Service; FAQ; Software Purchasing and Updating; Consultants for. Mar 31, 2020 G.Power is a statistical power analysis program. It is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous version, covering many different statistical tests of the F, t, chi-square, and z test families as well as some exact tests.
Whenever we find a problem with G*Power we provide an update as quickly as we can. We will inform you about updates if you click here and add your e-mail address to our mailing list. We will only use your e-mail address to inform you about updates. We will not use your e-mail address for other purposes. We will not give your e-mail address to anyone else. You can withdraw your e-mail address from the mailing list at any time.
Download the Short Tutorial of G*Power (PDF) written for G*Power 2 but still useful as an introduction
For more help, see the papers about G*Power in the References section below.
If you use G*Power for your research, then we would appreciate your including one or both of the following references (depending on what is appropriate) to the program in the papers in which you publish your results:
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. Download PDF
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. Download PDF
To report possible bugs, difficulties in program handling, and suggestions for future versions of G*Power please send us an e-mail.
By downloading G*Power you agree to these terms of use:
- G*Power is free for everyone. Commercial distribution is strictly prohibited.
- G*Power is distributed from this website. If you wish to distribute G*Power in some other way, then you need to seek permission from the authors. Please send us an e-mail in which you specify how and for what purpose you intend to distribute G*Power.
- You may use screenshots of G*Power without asking for permission.
- Considerable effort has been put into program development and evaluation, but there is no warranty whatsoever.
Download G*Power 3.1.9.7 for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 (about 20 MB). Please make sure to choose “unpack with folders” in your unzip tool.
Download G*Power 3.1.9.6 for macOS 10.7 to 10.15 and 11 (about 2 MB).
17 March 2020 - Release 3.1.9.7
Windows
Changed the behavior of the “X-Y plot for a range of values” which allowed plotting graphs after changing input parameters in the main window without hitting the “Calculate” button which, however, is required to update the “X-Y plot for a range of values” with the new input parameters from the main dialog.
21 February 2020 - Release 3.1.9.6
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in z tests: Generic z test: Analysis: Criterion: Compute alpha: The critical z was calculated incorrectly.
Fixed a bug in t tests: Linear bivariate regression: One group, size of slope: |sy/sx| was sometimes calculated inccorrecty.
14 January 2020 - Release 3.1.9.5
Mac
Fixed a bug that caused the “Options” button (which is available for some tests in the main window) to disappear when “Hide distributions & control” was selected.
6 February 2019 - Release 3.1.9.4
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in t tests: Linear bivariate regression: One group, size of slope. Negative effect directions, that is, slope|H1 < slope|H0, were not always handled correclty. Furthermore, the restriction (|slope| < |sy/sx|) on the effect size, which was previously ignored, is now checked.
7 July 2017 - Release 3.1.9.3
Mac
Fixed a bug that could cause crashes.
28 March 2014 - Release 3.1.9.2
Mac
Fixed a bug in the χ2 tests: Goodness-of-fit tests: Contingency tables module which prevented the computed effect size from appearing in the effect size drawer.
Windows
Fixed a bug that could occur under very specific circumstances when transferring an effect size from the effect size drawer to the main window.
10 March 2014 - Release 3.1.9.1
Mac
Now includes the calculator that previously has been included only in the Windows version.
4 February 2014 - Release 3.1.9
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in the sign test’s sensitivity analysis which led to an offset of -0.5 in the reported effect size.
Changed the behaviour of all tests based on the binomial distribution. The upper and lower limits are now always within the range [0,n] instead of [-1,n+1]. This change may lead to alpha values larger than the requested alpha values, but now we have the advantage that the upper and lower limits correspond to actual decision boundaries. For instance, in a two-sided test H0 is rejected if, for the observed number x of successes, it holds that x <= lower limit or x >= upper limit. Note, however, that the change affects the results only when N is very small.
31 January 2014 - Release 3.1.8
Mac and Windows
Improvements in the logistic regression module: (1) improved numerical stability (in particular for lognormal distributed covariates); (2) additional validity checks for input parameters (this applies also to the poisson regression module); (3) in sensitivity analyses the handling of cases in which the power does not increase monotonically with effect size is improved: an additional Actual power output field has been added; a deviation of this actual power value from the one requested on the input side indicates such cases; it is recommended that you check how the power depends on the effect size in the plot window.
19 April 2013 - Release 3.1.7
Mac and Windows
Fixed a problem in the exact test of Proportions: Inequality, two independent groups (uncontional). The problem only occurred when p1 > p2.
18 Frebruary 2013 - Release 3.1.6
Mac and Windows
Fixed a problem in the sensitivity analysis of the logistic regression. The problem only occurred when p2 >= p1.
Mac
Fixed a problem in Fisher’s exact test.
12 September 2012 - Release 3.1.5.1
Mac
Fixed a problem with the effect size drawers of ANOVA: Fixed effects. The drawers now appear correctly after clicking on the Determine button.
20 August 2012 - Release 3.1.5
Mac and Windows
Fixed a problem in the test of equality of two variances. The problem did not occur when both sample sizes were identical.
Fixed a problem in calculating the effect size from variances in the repeated measures ANOVA.
3 July 2012 - Release 3.1.4
Mac and Windows
Added an options dialog to the repeated-measures ANOVA which allows a more flexible specification of effect sizes.
Fixed a problem in calculating the sample size for Fisher's exact test. The problem did not occur with post hoc analyses.
22 June 2011 - Release 3.1.3
Mac and Windows
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Fixed a bug in the ANCOVA module. Changing the number of covariates now correctly leads to the appropriate change in the denominator degrees of freedom.
5 January 2010 - Release 3.1.2
Mac and Windows
Renamed the Repetitions parameter in repeated measures procedures to Number of measurements (Repetitions was misleading because it incorrectly suggested that the first measurement would not be counted).
Fixed a problem in the sensitivity analysis of the logistic regression procedure: There was an error if Odds ratio was chosen as the effect size. The problem did not occur when the effect size was specified in terms of Two probabilities.
Mac
The Window menu now contains the option to hide the distributions plot and the protocol section (Hide distributions & protocol menu item) so that G*Power can be accommodated to small screens. This option has been available for some time in the Windows version (see View menu).
16 December 2009 - Release 3.1
Mac
Added procedures to analyze the power of tests for single correlations based on the tetrachoric model, comparisons of dependent correlations, bivariate linear regression, multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, logistic regression, and Poisson regression.
08 December 2009 - Release 3.1.1
Windows
Re-enabled options dialog for Correlation: Bivariate normal model.
29 June 2009 - Release 3.1
Windows
Added procedures to analyze the power of tests referring to single correlations based on the tetrachoric model, comparisons of dependent correlations, bivariate linear regression, multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, logistic regression, and Poisson regression.
24 January 2008 - Release 3.0.10
Mac and Windows
Fixed a problem in the X-Y plot for a range of values for Generic F tests. The degrees of freedom were not properly set in the graph, leading to erroneous plot values.
22 January 2008 - Release 3.0.9
Mac
Eliminated the brushed metal look for better readability under Mac OS X 10.5.
Windows
Fixed some minor GUI problems (buttons had German titles; button in file dialog named “open” instead of “save”).
Fixed problems with distribution plots (plots were sometimes not appropriately clipped when copied or saved as metafile; drawing glitches with some very steep curves).
The file dialog shown when saving graphs or protocols now uses the user's home directory (myDocuments) as defaults directory.
10 October 2007 - Release 3.0.8
Mac and Windows
Fixed a serious bug in the CDF routine of the noncentral t distribution introduced in the bugfix release 3.0.7. Please update immediately if you installed version 3.0.7.
8 October 2007 - Release 3.0.7
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in the function calculating the CDF of the noncentral t-distribution that occasionally led to (obviously) wrong values when p was very close to 1. All power routines based on the t distribution were affected by this bug.
14 August 2007 - Release 3.0.6
Mac
Fixed a bug in the routine that draws the central and noncentral t distributions for two-tailed tests. When alpha was very small, this bug could cause G*Power to crash.
03 July 2007 - Release 3.0.5
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in the Power Plot (opened using the X-Y-plot for a range of values button) for F tests, MANOVA: Global effects and F Tests, MANOVA: Special effects and interactions. Sometimes some of the variables were not correctly set in the plot procedure which led to erroneous values in the graphs and the associated tables.
26 June 2007 - Release 3.0.4
Mac and Windows
Fixed a bug in the Power Plot (opened using the X-Y-plot for a range of values button) for F Tests, Multiple Regression: Special (R2 increase). The numerator df value was not always correctly determined in the plot procedure which led to erroneous values in the graphs and the associated tables.
Fixed some minor problems with t tests. G•Power now checkes for invalid null effect sizes in a priori analyses. The t distribution PDF routine is now more robust for very large degrees of freedom by explicitly using a normal approximation in these cases.
When the Power Plot window was first opened by pressing the X-Y plot for a range of values button, the default was to show 4 plots simultaneously. The default has been changed to 1 plot.
Corrected some parsing errors in the calculator (in the Mac version, this only concerns text input in normal input fields).
Corrected a label in the effect size drawer for ANOVA: Fixed effects, omnibus, one-way. In the From variance input mode, the Variance within group field was erroneously labeled Error variance.
Windows
Fixed a problem with moving the main window when the effect size drawer is open. Sometimes the mouse pointer appeared to be 'glued' to the window and the movement could not be stopped properly.
1 March 2007 - Release 3.0.3
Mac and Windows:
Fixed a bug in the X-Y plots for a range of values for F Tests, ANOVA: Fixed effects, special, main effects and interactions. The df1 value was not always correctly determined in the plot procedure which led to erroneous values in the plots.
Fixed the problem in the plot procedure that (due to rounding errors) the last point on the x-axis was sometimes not included in the plot.
28 February 2007 - Release 3.0.2
Mac and Windows
Fixed a probem with tooltips for effect size conventions which were not always shown.
Windows
Added options mainly intended to make G*Power usable with low resolution displays (800 x 600 pixels)
The distribution/protocol view and the test/analysis selection view in the main window can be hidden temporarily to save space. To hide/show these sub-views press F4 (plot/protocol) and F5 (test/analysis), respectively, while the main window is active. There are also corresponding entries in the View menu.
The Graph window can now be made resizable. To do this choose 'Resizable Window' in the View menu of the Graph window. Besides enabling (restricted) resizability this option initially shrinks the window to a size that fits into a 800 x 600 screen. Deselecting the option restores the Graph window to the fixed size for which G*Power was optimized.
Mac
Fixed a cosmetic problem when drawing “extreme” central and non-central distributions.
15 January 2007 - Release 3.0.1
Windows
Effect size calculation for t Tests, Difference between two indepent means (two groups), case n1 = n2: The wrong means—those of case n1 ≠ n2—were used to calcultate the effect size. This problem has been fixed.
Minor cosmetic changes.
New Readme file.
Updated installation instruction.
12.01.2007 - First release of version 3.0.0
Axel Buchner, Edgar Erdfelder, Franz Faul, Albert-Georg Lang
The first notebook I used full-time was a 1GHz Titanium PowerBook G4, and while I used a bunch of iMac G3s and beige Power Mac G3 in high school, my part-time job at the time came with what I consider to be “my” first Mac — a Blue & White Power Mac G3.
(That’s my exact machine. I just got it back through an extensive set of trades on the Memphis gray market for old Macs.)
The Blue and White is an interesting machine, beyond my attachment to it.
History
Introduced in January 1999 at Macworld, the “Power Mac G3 (Blue and White)” took the design of the iMac and brought it to the professional desktop world.
Of course, 1999 was a weird time for the company. OS 8 was out, and the cat was out of the bag about OS X, but Aqua was still a year away.
Things, however, were looking up. Apple has sold 1.6 million of the out-going beige machine. The new machines, however were designed to be faster, more expandable and better designed.
The processors in the Blue and White were fast (and copper!), the machine had lots of expansion bays, but the inclusion of an ATI Rage 128 video cards and FireWire set the machine apart.
Lastly, the Blue and White was the first Mac to ship with FireWire, leaving behind SCSI forever.
Hardware & Software
More so than the iMac G3, the Blue and White is a transition model. It was the debut machine for FireWire, and brought USB to Apple’s professional lineup. To the chagrin of pro users, however, the company dropped the serial ports, floppy drive and SCSI support found on the out-going machine. This computer also holds the distinction to be the only Mac to ship with both ADB and FireWire.
Most importantly, it was the first Power Mac to ship with the New World ROM.
Inside, the Blue and Whites were packed full of fairly standard parts. Drives connected over IDE, the RAM came in generic modules, and the processor sat on a ZIF socket. With 4 PCI slots, the Blue and White could easily be customized for video and audio work, connecting serial-powered devices and more. The “Gossamer” logic board was based on the beige G3 before it.
Revision A machines, however, had some issues. Here’s a section from the machine’s Wikipedia page:
Early blue and white G3s (“Revision 1” units) had IDE controller problems related to the ATA/33 hard drive controller that made it impossible to connect two hard drives and prevented the use of newer drives. Using newer ATA drives in those units resulted in data transmission errors if the drives were connected to the on-board ATA/33 controller, the severity of the problem varying according to the particular make and model of the drive. Workarounds include replacing motherboards and employing the use of SCSI, Ultra ATA or SATA PCI controller cards. Stable operation can be achieved if the drive can be limited to Multi-Word DMA Mode 2 (disabling UDMA), although this limits throughput to 16 MB/sec. Some hard drives support disabling UDMA in firmware through manufacturer-supplied utilities (generally DOS-based). Alternatively, the transfer mode can be limited to Multi-Word DMA Mode 2 through the use of third-party driver software such as FWB Hard Disk Toolkit.
Power Mac Branches
In late April 1999, the line was speed-bumped by 50 MHz, bringing the high-end model to 450 MHz. These “Revision B” machines shipped with a revised logic board and didn’t experience the nasty IDE controller issues.
(Thankfully, mine’s a 400 MHz Rev. B.)
The 350, 400 and 450 MHz models from the Rev. B series shipped with the same logic board — dubbed “Yikes” that would end up in the first Power Mac G4 machines.
The Blue and White was a huge upgrade in terms of looks. Just look at the previous G3 tower:
The new case was codenamed El Capitan. Its feet and handles were easy to grip, making moving the G3 easier than ever. The front, back and top were bold, showing off the Bondi Blue plastic in a much brighter way than the iMac, and the translucent side panels were enough to make any beige box look dingy.
All of the internals were easy to get to, thanks to the handle and drop-down side:
Here’s Steve Jobs showing off the case for the first time. Don’t miss the “Design is how it works” line.
The opening door was a revolution, and Apple liked showing it off. Compared to the closed and heavily customized Macs of today, the Blue and White seems almost foreign.
The Blue and White isn’t the first Mac that was easy to open, but compared something like the Power Macintosh G3 (Desktop) that preceded it, it’s elegant:
Beyond the functionality, the Blue and White was downright beautiful.
Sometimes, a machine comes along that sets the tone for years to come. Until the 2013 Mac Pro, the G3’s bones remained in place. Just check out the 2002-2004 “Mirror Drive Door” Power Mac G4:
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While the Power Mac G5 and Mac Pro ditched the fold-down side, the machines’ shared case design retained the easy-to-reach internals and handles:
Software wise, the Blue and White has one of the widest ranges of any machine.
Revision A machines came with Mac OS 8.5.1 and Rev. B shipped with 8.6, but all Blue and Whites are capable of running OS X Tiger, thanks to the 1 GB RAM ceiling and FireWire ports.
Beyond its impressive client reach, the Blue and White is important in Apple’s server history, as Steve Jobs used one to demo Mac OS X Server 1.0 for the first time.
The Blue and White gave Apple the power it needed to run the smash up of NeXTSTEP and Mac OS 8. In what may be one my favorite demos ever, Steve Jobs booted a rack of 49 hard drive-less iMacs from a single Power Mac G3.
As future-thinking as it was, except for the most basic of tasks, the G3-powered Blue and White is past its useful lives. Even with overclocking, this machine’s just run out of steam.
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Conclusion
Power Mac Philippines
In many ways, the Blue and White set the tone for modern Mac towers. Its easy-access door would remain a staple for 14 years, and its inclusion of things like FireWire and Ultra-ATA brought the Power Macintosh into the 21st-century. It holds a special place in the Apple history books, and an important place in my collection.